The German chancellor realises that while China poses a long-term economic challenge, the United States is currently the more disruptive partner
In 2025, China displaced the United States to regain its position as Germany’s largest trading partner, with around €252 billion (US$296.9 billion) in trade: €171 billion in imports from and €82 billion in exports to China.
An economy anchored in employment, public budgets and a technological edge built on exporting machinery, chemicals and cars might hesitate before recasting relations with its largest trading partner as a question of moral superiority. When prosperity rests on external markets, foreign policy becomes an extension of industrial policy.
These measures have not displaced Chinese competition as the central economic test. They have, however, reordered the hierarchy of immediate constraints; Berlin is squeezed from two directions, but the nature of the pressure differs. From Washington comes alliance-based extraction and coercion. From Beijing comes competitive displacement within global value chains.
