Early humans were quarrying stone in southern Africa over 200,000 years ago, reveals new research.
People quarried rocks for their tools in places they specifically sought out thousands of years earlier than previously thought, say scientists.
An international team, led by researchers from the University of Tübingen in Germany, found that quarrying was taking place at the Jojosi site in South Africa.
The discovery was published in the journal Nature Communications. challenges the prevailing view that Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers collected their raw materials incidentally during other activities.
Dr. Manuel Will, from the University of Tübingen, said: “At Jojosi, we found numerous traces of the quarrying of hornfels – a metamorphic shale – including blocks that were tested for their quality, flakes of various sizes, thousands of millimetre-sized pieces of production waste and hammerstones.”
He explained that hornfels is a fine-grained rock that was often used to produce tools in the Stone Age.
Dr. Will said: “People worked cobbles on site here and knapped the material until they had achieved the desired shape from the rock – probably to make tools from it later.”
He says the team almost exclusively found “production waste” at the site.
Dr. Will said the absence of both the end products and other traces of activity and settlement indicates that the people of Stone Age Jojosi were “solely and deliberately” seeking to extract the coveted raw material.
He says they were quarrying for tens of thousands of years, at least until 110,000 BC, as can be seen from the luminescence dating of the finds.
Given its great age and long period of use, the researchers say Jojosi provides new evidence about the lifestyles of early Homo sapiens, indicating that they planned the long-term acquisition of resources much earlier than previously thought.
The Jojosi excavation site lies in grasslands in eastern South Africa, around 85 miles from the Indian Ocean coast.
Geological processes during the Pleistocene period formed a landscape characterised by erosional gullies, also exposing large hornfels layers.
A team headed by Dr. Will has been studying the geology and archaeology of the landscape since 2022.
He said: “On our very first visits, both on foot and using drones, we discovered about a dozen sites where perfectly-preserved, unweathered hornfels flakes were visible in eroded sediment – an absolute rarity for an open-air site.”
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During their excavations, the research team sieved sediment to retain even the smallest fragment.
Gunther Möller, a PhD student at the University of Tübingen, successfully assembled 353 of the left-behind pieces into ‘refits’.
He said, “With these 3D puzzles, we were able to see precisely where and how material was chipped off and in what order.
“Several of these puzzles together then allow us to draw conclusions about the form of the actual end product, before it was taken to another place.”
Professor Karla Pollmann, president of the University of Tübingen, added: “The finds from Jojosi reveal a rare, clear view of the early roots of humanity’s ability to plan.
“They show that the ability to select resources deliberately and organise activities stretches across generations.”
