The 41-year-old captain left his country's Nations League camp after being an unused substitute against Norway and then finding out he would not start against Denmark.
Al-Nassr forward Ronaldo has scored 146 goals in 234 Portugal appearances - both world records - helping them win Euro 2016 and the Nations League twice.
In a lengthy statement, the former Real Madrid and Manchester United player said he should be held accountable for his actions.
"The Portuguese Football Federation must assess the consequences of my actions and punish me for them. I believe the punishment should not be reduced," Ronaldo said.
"I have already apologised, but I know that actions have consequences."
Portugal manager Jorge Jesus said on Sunday that the door was still open for Ronaldo to play for the country's national team.
Ronaldo said that, provided he was "physically fit, playing with my team, and hopefully scoring goals", he would like to continue to play international football.
"After my suspension period ends, I will be available, as I always have been, to compete and win with our national team," he added.
A nation divided as Ronaldo left with big decision on Portugal future
