Popes and the Papacy: A History

What Is Papal History? When Did It Begin?

The Rise of the Petrine Idea

Popes, Byzantines, and Barbarians

The Popes in the Age of Charlemagne

Rome, the Popes, and the Papal Government

The “age of Iron”

The Investiture Controversy

The Papal Monarchy — Institutions

The Papal Monarchy — Politics

The Popes at Avignon

The Great Schism

The Renaissance Papacy — Politics

The Renaissance Papacy — Culture

The Challenge of Reform — Protestantism

Catholic Reform and Counter Reform

Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Revolution

Pius IX — Prisoner of the Vatican

The Challenge of Modernism

The Troubled Pontificate of Pius XII

The Age of Vatican II

The Transitional Pontificate of Paul VI

The Vatican and What It Does

John Paul II — “the Great”?

Benedict XVI, the Future, and the Past