History of Science: Antiquity to 1700

Beginning the Journey

Babylonians, Egyptians, and Greeks

The Presocratics

Plato and the Pythagoreans

Plato's Cosmos

Aristotle's View of the Natural World

Aristotelian Cosmology and Physics

Hellenistic Natural Philosophy

Greek Astronomy From Eudoxus to Ptolemy

The Roman Contributions

Roman Versions of Greek Science and Education

The End of the Classical World

Early Christianity and Science

The Rise of Islam and Islamic Science

Islamic Astronomy, Mathematics, and Optics

Alchemy, Medicine, and Late Islamic Culture

The Latin West Reawakens

Natural Philosophy at School and University

Aristotle and Medieval Scholasticism

The Science of Creation

Science in the Orders

Medieval Latin Alchemy and Astrology

Medieval Physics and Earth Sciences

The Middle Ages and the Renaissance

Renaissance Natural Magic

Copernicus and Calendrical Reform

Renaissance Technology

Tycho, Kepler, and Galileo

The New Physics

Voyages of Discovery and Natural History

Mechanical Philosophy and Revised Atomism

Mechanism and Vitalism

Seventeenth-Century Chemistry

The Force of Isaac Newton

The Rise of Scientific Societies

How Science Develops